The UDA made Nelson their intelligence officer and gave him the task of picking Catholic targets for murder. intelligence, security enforcement and protective security. By analogy, right in the secret intelligence context means both that the go-ahead is given by someone who has the authority to give it under rights-compliant law and that the decision is taken at a senior enough level appropriate to the ethical risks that may be run (the activity is then not arbitrary in the words of the UN Human Rights Declaration). Intelligence officers are natural consequentialists. We use cookies to improve your website experience. That holds internationally, and it is worth citing here the strong international condemnation of Al Qaeda by the UN Security Council and the demand that relevant intelligence be shared.34 Jus in intelligentio issues, on the other hand, will always be troubling over how far states should go in their conduct of individual counterterrorism operations and the supporting intelligence activity. Reference has already been made to the balancing acts which are needed to establish a way of reconciling conflicting principles. 29. Nevertheless, the record in disrupting terrorism in the U.K. is impressive (for example, fifteen plots in the eighteenmonths from mid-2019). (PDF) The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of Interrogation Methods The Who, What, and Why of Human Intelligence Gathering: Self-Reported Measures of. Court of Justice of the European Union, Press Release no. The ethical risks of intelligence operations should be kept in line with the harm that it is intended to be prevented by them. Intelligence gathering Tag: Intelligence gathering On this page . Public confidence issues quickly arise if that is not the case, as happened during inquiries into British Army covert intelligence gathering in Northern Ireland in the 1970s and 1980s.41. See Consolidated Guidance to Intelligence Officers and Service Personnel, July 2010, updated 2011, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/62632/Consolidated_Guidance_November_2011 (accessed April 2, 2020). dmolof@americanprogress.org. For more information please visit our Permissions help page. Restraint, requiring that the use by security and intelligence agencies of the coercive powers of the state to investigate the private lives of others be justified as both necessary and proportionate. The chapter concludes by identifying specific areas of counterterrorism work today that continue to raise significant ethical issues. Intelligence officers have, for example, at times to lie and deceive as part of their tradecraft, yet such behavior cannot be advocated as a universal habitand indeed were such behavior to become widespread then no-one would ever be believed. hL) B` (]C@ S Often called value ethics, this tradition emphasizes the moral excellence that comes from exercise of the classic virtues of good character such as courage and justice toward others. Whilst society wants national security and public safety, obtaining the necessary intelligence inevitably involves acting in ways that society considers to be immoral; espionage involves stealing secrets. PDF Why are you gathering intelligence? When terrorists themselves are prepared to sacrifice themselves in the course of their attacks, it becomes ever more important to have the intelligence to forestall attacks, not just be able to bring to justice accomplices after the fact.10 Sadly, intelligence warning was not sufficiently available to prevent the attacks by the 19 members of the Al Qaeda gang that died after hijacking airliners to use as flying bombs against New York and Washington on 9/11 that killed 2977 civilians and rescue workers, by the four suicide bombers who died in conducting their planned series of attacks on the London transport system on 7 July 2005 killing fifty-two passengers, and by the terrorist who blew himself up at an Ariane Grande concert in Manchester killing twenty-twoyoung concert-goers and parents. People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read. In its own terms it can be regarded as having achieved its aim. How to Fight Terrorism, Foreign Affairs 81, no. "Intelligence is information and information gathering, not doing things to people; no-one gets hurt by it, at least not directly. This principle provides the basis for ethical oversight of the artificial intelligence algorithms that are increasingly being used to question large data sets. 38. . Sources can include the following: Advisors or foreign internal defense (FID) personnel working with host nation (HN) forces or populations Diplomatic reporting by accredited diplomats (e.g. 5. 3. It protects the source and contributes to an audit trail of the intelligence. intelligence communities around the world into a strange new world of multi-dimensional intelligence. There is a tension nevertheless between the outreach by welfare, health and educational services at a local level to help safeguard young people from being influenced by violent ideologies and the continuing national need to obtain intelligence through intensive surveillance on those activists currently engaged in radicalizing young people. Terrorism is a tactic resorted to by anarchist, insurgent, dissident and disaffected violent groups, differing in their objectives but all having in common the desire to put the public, or a significant section of society such as the police and security forces, in fear and thus apply pressure on government to change course in a direction sought by the terrorists. It may also be classified as confidential or sensitive. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is Canada's federal police force. Reducing the risk, not eliminating it, is itself an ethical judgment since it involves accepting that there will be some continuing risk to the public. Such operations depend crucially upon preemptive intelligence, including that increasingly derived from advanced digital surveillance. Gathering marketing intelligence is now a key strategic initiative in every notable company across the globe. Discretion, dis-persal, and drift make it difficult to identify these boundaries. 4. Try searching. About this book The skills and tools for collecting, verifying and correlating information from different types of systems is an essential skill when tracking down hackers. That is true whether they are being recruited as agents (covert human intelligence sources or CHIS) having their privacy rights interfered with by any number of different kinds of technical operations including bugging of dwellings and vehicles or monitoring of personal communications or simply deceived by the everyday tradecraft of the spy. But without liberty and the rule of law, attempts to impose security will end badly. U.K. practice is to keep intelligence gathering activity separate from local counter-radicalization efforts, but a watertight compartmentalization is not always possible when lives may be at stake. intelligence as a discipline becomes more professional, law enforcement agencies at all levels of government will use the requirements-driven process. (2023). A liberal democracy can nevertheless use intelligence to support an integrated counter-terrorism strategy by managing those ethical risks within the rule of law, and by using independent Parliamentary and judicial oversight to give confidence to the public that whilst their security is being maintained, their civil rights are being adequately protected.2. Paul Wilkinson, Terrorism versus Democracy: The Liberal State Response, 2nd ed. hVYo8+%"^"8FNfl2J4kc!3. In addition, the Criminal Intelligence Service . Competitive Intelligence is largely believed to be a critical component of building a . In the case of the United Kingdom today the only lawful purposes are to protect national security, for the detection and prevention of serious crime and to secure the economic well-being of the nation from external threats.23 It should be recognized that these legal constraints are, in historical perspective, a modern development. Director. n"?Y=b'zO%vXf YR=K{q;>N0~ u`1 It is produced through an integration of imagery, imagery intelligence, and geospatial information. 12. But if terrorist attacks are infrequent and small in scale then they pose only a moderate level of risk to society and a low statistical risk to individuals. A reasonable prospect of success in achieving the desired ends from the activity. The company's situation undoubtedly will change based on those actions. modern world intelligence gathering has increased significantly in response to demands that impact national security (especially following September 11, 2001 (9/11)) such as countering espionage, people smuggling and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and is now an inescapable necessity (Cornall & Black, 2011). Psychology of Intelligence Analysis By Richards J. Heuer, Jr. (1999) Author's Preface This volume pulls together and republishes, with some editing, updating, and additions, articles written during 1978-86 for internal use within the CIA Directorate of Intelligence. Inevitably this leads to individuals being treated and where necessary manipulated as means to the end of acquiring the information. Wrangling what might be dozens or hundreds of social media profiles is a bit much for early reconnaissance. 10. The Investigatory Powers Act 2016 created a powerful Commissioner (a very senior judge), a new system of warrants for access to bulk data and an independent body to authorize law enforcement access to communications data and internet data connection records (the who called whom, when, where and how), essential evidence for criminal trials and for locating missing children. An important component of the Pursue strand was working with close allies on intelligence gathering and analysis, and with nations around the world also suffering from jihadist extremism. 45, cited in Omand and Phythian, 103. The chapter concludes by applying these ideas to the techniques currently in use for counter-terrorism, especially the role of digital intelligence gathering today in helping uncover terrorist networks and frustrate attacks. Examples of types of human intelligence activity liable to give rise to significant ethical issues include: The recruitment of sources can involve explicit or implicit coercion. Recon-ng is an open source intelligence gathering tool used to conduct web-based reconnaissance . Discrimination is needed to manage collateral harm, in the basic sense of the ability to see the difference between classes of things or people. In CONTEST, this thinking led to the 4Ps of strategic lines of action to reduce each factor: Pursue, Prevent, Protect and Prepare. Jack McDonald, Enemies Known and Unknown: Targeted Killings in Americas Transnational War (London: Hurst, 2017). College of Policing. This research was undertaken over a twelve month period from April 1996 to April 1997. 23. Intelligence is information gathered within or outside the U.S. that involves threats to our nation, its people, property, or interests; development, proliferation, or use of weapons of mass destruction; and any other matter bearing on the U.S. national or homeland security. Register to receive personalised research and resources by email. Based on strategic assessments of targets and problems, it aims to Running agents involves evident risks to them and to their families. 31. In other words, if it is personal desires or uncontrolled emotions that cause the officer to act in a particular way, then that action cannot give them moral worth. . 33. In many cases these nations had adopted different ethical stances over intelligence gathering from that of the U.K., discussed later in the chapter.14. The problem facing governments is that terrorist groups will go to extreme lengths to prevent the authorities from penetrating their networks and accessing their secrets. Originally, as part of the Just War tradition, this was an injunction against vainglorious cavalry charges and other operations that needlessly expose the forces involved to extreme danger. 5. (London: Routledge, 2006), ch. See the essay on Kants use of the categorical imperative in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-moral/accessed March 27, 2020. gathering. 1 (January/February 8, 2002). This thesis is on how to elicit intelligence from human sources with the principal aim being to examine the efficacy of the tactics employed by the renowned WWII interrogator Hanns Scharff. 2. Passive information gathering refers to gathering as much information as possible without establishing contact between the pen tester (yourself) and the target about which you are collecting information. Reasonable prospect of success in achieving the desired ends from the activity critical of. 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